Samovra\u017eda u\u00a0mlad\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa homosexualitu<\/p>\n
Hoci v\u00fdskumy o\u00a0mo\u017en\u00fdch s\u00favislostiach medzi nedostato\u010dne integrovanou homosexu\u00e1lnou alebo bisexu\u00e1lnou orient\u00e1ciou a\u00a0samovra\u017eedn\u00fdm spr\u00e1van\u00edm s\u00fa st\u00e1le obmedzen\u00e9, \u00fadaje, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa k\u00a0dispoz\u00edcii, aj tak pri\u0165ahuj\u00fa pozornos\u0165 a\u00a0zav\u0161e vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00fa roztr\u017eky oh\u013eadne rozsahu tejto skuto\u010dnosti (Muehrer, 1995). Jestvuje prinajmen\u0161om konsenzus o\u00a0potrebe lep\u0161ie pochopi\u0165 faktory, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu vysvetli\u0165 vz\u0165ah medzi homosexu\u00e1lnou alebo bisexu\u00e1lnou orient\u00e1ciou nejakej osoby a\u00a0jej samovra\u017eedn\u00fdm spr\u00e1van\u00edm (Workshop on Suicide and Sexual Orientation, 1995).<\/p>\n
Pod\u013ea na\u0161ej znalosti existuj\u00fa tri \u0161t\u00fadie, pojedn\u00e1vaj\u00face o\u00a0ot\u00e1zke samovra\u017edy u\u00a0mlad\u00fdch homosexu\u00e1lne alebo bisexu\u00e1lne orientovan\u00fdch mu\u017eov, v ktor\u00fdch bola pou\u017eit\u00e1 n\u00e1hodn\u00e1 a\u00a0probabilistick\u00e1 vzorka a\u00a0ktor\u00e9 obsahuj\u00fa porovnanie s\u00a0mlad\u00fdmi heterosexu\u00e1lnymi mu\u017emi s\u00a0podobn\u00fdm sociodemografick\u00fdm profilom. Zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee tieto \u0161t\u00fadie s\u00fa najd\u00f4veryhodnej\u0161ie. Prv\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia (Bell a\u00a0Weinberg, 1978) uv\u00e1dza 35% homosexu\u00e1lnych respondentov, ktor\u00ed sa pok\u00fasili o\u00a0samovra\u017edu; autori porovn\u00e1vaj\u00fa skupinu homosexu\u00e1lnych mu\u017eov s\u00a0in\u00fdmi respondentmi a\u00a0tvrdia, \u017ee mlad\u00ed homosexu\u00e1lni mu\u017ei vo veku 20 rokov s\u00fa asi 13-kr\u00e1t n\u00e1chylnej\u0161\u00ed vykona\u0165 samovra\u017eedn\u00fd akt ne\u017e heterosexu\u00e1lne orientovan\u00ed mu\u017ei. Druh\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia, ned\u00e1vny kanadsk\u00fd v\u00fdskum v\u00a0skupine 750 mlad\u00fdch mu\u017eov v\u0161etk\u00fdch sexu\u00e1lnych orient\u00e1ci\u00ed z\u00a0oblasti Calgary (Bagley a\u00a0Tremblay, 1997), ukazuje, \u017ee mlad\u00ed mu\u017ei \u2013 gejovia a\u00a0bisexu\u00e1li predstavuj\u00fa 62,5% mlad\u00fdch mu\u017eov, ktor\u00ed sa pok\u00fasili o\u00a0samovra\u017edu, hoci homosexu\u00e1lne a\u00a0bisexu\u00e1lne orientovan\u00e1 popul\u00e1cia predstavovala iba 12,7% z\u00a0celkovej vzorky sk\u00faman\u00fdch os\u00f4b*<\/sup>. Autori \u0161t\u00fadie vyvodzuj\u00fa z\u00e1ver, \u017ee mlad\u00ed homosexu\u00e1lne alebo bisexu\u00e1lne orientovan\u00ed mu\u017ei od 18 do 27 rokov (priemern\u00fd vek 22,7 rokov) s\u00fa takmer 14-kr\u00e1t viac vystaven\u00ed riziku, \u017ee sa pok\u00fasia o\u00a0samovra\u017edu, ne\u017e mlad\u00ed heterosexu\u00e1lne orientovan\u00ed mu\u017ei. To potvrdzuje v\u00fdsledky Bella a\u00a0Weinberga (1978) spred dvadsiatich rokov. Nakoniec nov\u00e1 anal\u00fdza jednej \u0161t\u00fadie (vykonanej v\u00a0roku 1987 medzi 36 254 americk\u00fdmi \u0161tudentmi, nav\u0161tevuj\u00facimi siedmy a\u017e\u00a0dvan\u00e1sty ro\u010dn\u00edk druh\u00e9ho cyklu; priemern\u00fd vek pribli\u017ene 15 rokov), ktor\u00fa urobil Gary Remafedi (1998), prich\u00e1dza k\u00a0podobn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkom: napriek obmedzenosti tejto skupiny (202), mlad\u00ed mu\u017ei vo veku od 13 do 18 rokov, ktor\u00ed otvorene deklarovali, \u017ee s\u00fa homosexu\u00e1lni alebo bisexu\u00e1lni, vykazovali sedemkr\u00e1t \u010dastej\u0161ie samovra\u017eedn\u00e9 pokusy ne\u017e heterosexu\u00e1lni mlad\u00ed mu\u017ei s\u00a0rovnak\u00fdm sociodemografick\u00fdm profilom, tvoriaci druh\u00fa skupinu. 28% homosexu\u00e1lnych alebo bisexu\u00e1lnych respondentov tejto \u0161t\u00fadie uv\u00e1dzalo, \u017ee sa raz pok\u00fasili o\u00a0samovra\u017edu.<\/p>\n Samozrejme tieto v\u00fdsledky neznamenaj\u00fa, \u017ee homosexu\u00e1lna alebo bisexu\u00e1lna orient\u00e1cia u\u00a0chlapcov vedie k\u00a0samovra\u017ede. Sk\u00f4r nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee homosexu\u00e1lna alebo bisexu\u00e1lna orient\u00e1cia zvy\u0161uje alebo prid\u00e1va \u0161pecifick\u00e9 rizikov\u00e9 faktory samovra\u017eedn\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania. Inak je potrebn\u00e9 poznamena\u0165, \u017ee niektor\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa samovr\u00e1\u017ed mlad\u00fdch s\u00fa nielen neschopn\u00e9 vyjadri\u0165 sa k\u00a0rozsahu tohto fenom\u00e9nu \u2013 \u00famrtn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy a\u00a0pr\u00edbuzn\u00ed vo v\u0161eobecnosti ml\u010dia oh\u013eadne homosexu\u00e1lnej orient\u00e1cie mlad\u00fdch samovrahov (ak v\u00f4bec bola t\u00e1to orient\u00e1cia zn\u00e1ma \u010di odhalen\u00e1 (Shaffer, 1995)) \u2013, ale sotva umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa osvetli\u0165 skuto\u010dn\u00e9 mot\u00edvy t\u00fdchto samovr\u00e1\u017ed (mlad\u00ed samovrahovia si \u010dasto ber\u00fa svoje tajomstvo do hrobu; rovnak\u00fd probl\u00e9m sa ukazuje aj u\u00a0chlapcov alebo mu\u017eov, ktor\u00ed boli obe\u0165ami sexu\u00e1lnej agresie).<\/p>\n Okrem troch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sme uviedli, sk\u00famali ot\u00e1zku samovra\u017eedn\u00fdch my\u0161lienok alebo pokusov (mlad\u00fdch) homosexu\u00e1lne alebo bisexu\u00e1lne orientovan\u00fdch mu\u017eov aj viacer\u00e9 in\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie (s obmedzenej\u0161\u00edmi, nie probabilistick\u00fdmi vzorkami popul\u00e1cie);\u00a0napriek v\u0161etk\u00e9mu dospeli k\u00a0podobn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkom. Ned\u00e1vny v\u00fdskum qu\u00e9beck\u00e9ho gejsk\u00e9ho \u010dasopisu RG<\/em> ukazuje, \u017ee 44% zo 125 respondentov uva\u017eovalo o\u00a0samovra\u017ede a\u00a0\u017ee 26% z\u00a0nich sa u\u017e pok\u00fasilo vzia\u0165 si \u017eivot (Dorais a\u00a0Berthiaume, 1998). Jay a\u00a0Young vo svojej \u0161t\u00fadii o\u00a0\u017eivote homosexu\u00e1lnych mu\u017eov a\u00a0\u017eien (1977) kon\u0161tatuj\u00fa, \u017ee 40% spytovan\u00fdch mu\u017eov si siahlo na \u017eivot, alebo o\u00a0tom v\u00e1\u017ene uva\u017eovalo. Autori okrem toho uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa, \u017ee 53% t\u00fdchto respondentov si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee ich samovra\u017eedn\u00e9 pokusy boli priamo spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0ich sexu\u00e1lnou orient\u00e1ciou. Vy\u0161\u0161ie citovan\u00ed Bell a\u00a0Weinberg (1978) uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa\u00a0podobn\u00fd \u00fadaj: 58% ich homosexu\u00e1lnych respondentov je presved\u010den\u00fdch, \u017ee medzi ich samovra\u017eedn\u00fdm pokusom a\u00a0ich homosexualitou je priama s\u00favislos\u0165. Remafedi a\u00a0ostatn\u00ed (1994) vo svojom v\u00fdskume mlad\u00fdch gejov a\u00a0bisexu\u00e1lov uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa, \u017ee pribli\u017ene tretina spytovan\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov v\u00fdskumu, ktor\u00ed spomenuli, \u017ee sa pok\u00fasili o\u00a0samovra\u017edu, to urobila v\u00a0ten ist\u00fd rok, ke\u010f sa identifikovali ako gejovia \u010di bisexu\u00e1li; asi polovica tento pokus zopakovala. Americk\u00fd v\u00fdskum v\u00a0skupine psychiatrov \u0161pecializuj\u00facich sa na pr\u00e1cu s\u00a0adolescentmi ukazuje, \u017ee 66% respondentov si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee samovra\u017eedn\u00fd akt je u\u00a0homosexu\u00e1lnych adolescentov z\u00e1va\u017enej\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0\u010dasto osudn\u00fd (Kourany, 1994). V\u00a0literat\u00fare m\u00f4\u017eeme n\u00e1js\u0165 mno\u017estvo \u00fadajov, ktor\u00e9 sk\u00f4r potvrdzuj\u00fa toto kon\u0161tatovanie (Tremblay, 1995).<\/p>\n V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina samovra\u017eedn\u00fdch pokusov mlad\u00fdch homosexu\u00e1lnych alebo bisexu\u00e1lnych mu\u017eov sa odohr\u00e1va v\u00a0priebehu adolescencie alebo \u00faplne na po\u010diatku dospel\u00e9ho \u017eivota, ke\u010f sa chlapci ocitn\u00fa izolovan\u00ed, bez soci\u00e1lnej skupiny, do ktorej by patrili; z\u00e1pasia s\u00a0re\u00e1lnym alebo predv\u00eddan\u00fdm odmietnut\u00edm zo strany svojich rovesn\u00edkov, svojho \u0161kolsk\u00e9ho alebo rodinn\u00e9ho milieu, \u010di s\u00a0pocitom viny a\u00a0zvn\u00fatornenou homof\u00f3biou. Bell a\u00a0Weinberg (1978) poukazuj\u00fa na skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm sk\u00f4r mu\u017e odkryje svoje homosexu\u00e1lne sklony, t\u00fdm viac je vyveden\u00fd z\u00a0vn\u00fatornej rovnov\u00e1hy a\u00a0vystaven\u00fd riziku samovra\u017edy: pod\u013ea ich \u00fadajov s\u00fa 17-ro\u010dn\u00ed 16-kr\u00e1t viac vystaven\u00ed riziku siahnu\u0165 si na \u017eivot; 20-ro\u010dn\u00ed s\u00fa tomuto riziku vystaven\u00ed 13-kr\u00e1t viac; 25-ro\u010dn\u00ed 6-kr\u00e1t viac. Pod\u013ea niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edstupn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed k\u00a0tejto ot\u00e1zke s\u00fa mlad\u00ed homosexu\u00e1lne alebo bisexu\u00e1lne orientovan\u00ed \u013eudia pova\u017eovan\u00ed za v\u00fdznamn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 skupiny mlad\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed sa pok\u00fa\u0161aj\u00fa o\u00a0samovra\u017edu (Avicoli, 1986; Remafedi, 1985; Roesler a\u00a0Deisher, 1972; Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center, 1986), alebo ktor\u00ed dokonaj\u00fa samovra\u017edu (Gibson, 1994).<\/p>\n Pod\u013ea v\u00fdskumov Remafediho a\u00a0ostatn\u00fdch (1994 a\u00a01998) a\u00a0Bagleyho a\u00a0ostatn\u00fdch (1997) m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 prv\u00fdm indik\u00e1torom samovra\u017eedn\u00fdch sklonov u\u00a0mlad\u00fdch mu\u017eov pocit neadekv\u00e1tnosti alebo nonkonformity, ktor\u00fd poci\u0165uj\u00fa vzh\u013eadom na ich sexu\u00e1lnu alebo rodov\u00fa identitu. Tento faktor sa opakovane objavuje v\u00a0profiloch homosexu\u00e1lnych alebo bisexu\u00e1lnych mlad\u00fdch mu\u017eov s najv\u00fdraznej\u0161\u00edmi samovra\u017eedn\u00fdmi sklonmi (Harry, 1994). Siln\u00fd soci\u00e1lny tlak, aby sa t\u00edto mlad\u00ed homosexu\u00e1lni alebo bisexu\u00e1lni mu\u017ei prisp\u00f4sobili dominuj\u00facemu heterosexu\u00e1lnemu modelu, ich rob\u00ed n\u00e1chylnej\u0161\u00edmi k\u00a0rozvinutiu psychologick\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov (napr\u00edklad depresia) a\u00a0k\u00a0samovra\u017eedn\u00e9mu spr\u00e1vaniu (Remafedi, 1985; Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center, 1986; Larking Street Youth Center, 1982). Mlad\u00ed mu\u017ei, ktor\u00ed otvorene \u017eij\u00fa svoje homo\/bisexu\u00e1lne preferencie a\u00a0ktor\u00ed nekore\u0161ponduj\u00fa s\u00a0rodov\u00fdmi stereotypmi, sa tak vystavuj\u00fa ods\u00fadeniu zo strany svojho okolia, stigmatiz\u00e1cii, odmietnutiu a\u00a0soci\u00e1lnej izol\u00e1cii, ale tie\u017e verb\u00e1lnemu, fyzick\u00e9mu alebo sexu\u00e1lnemu n\u00e1siliu. Aby zmiernili utrpenie, ktor\u00e9 pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa, nejeden z\u00a0nich sklz\u00e1va k\u00a0pr\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9mu u\u017e\u00edvaniu alkoholu alebo drog. Je viac mlad\u00fdch mu\u017eov \u2013 gejov u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00facich drogy, ne\u017e dospel\u00fdch gejov, ktor\u00ed u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa drogy. Na druhej strane sa u\u00a0nich prejavuje zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 riziko z\u00e1vislosti (Rofes, 1983). U\u017e pred viacer\u00fdmi rokmi bola preuk\u00e1zan\u00e1 korel\u00e1cia medzi u\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm drog a\u00a0samovra\u017eedn\u00fdmi predstavami. Pr\u00edznaky ako alkoholizmus alebo toxikom\u00e1nia \u010dasto zastieraj\u00fa nepriznan\u00e9 alebo nepriznate\u013en\u00e9 probl\u00e9my\u2026<\/p>\n Pocit osobnej alebo soci\u00e1lnej neprimeranosti a\u00a0\u0165a\u017ekos\u0165 so sebaakceptovan\u00edm ako homosexu\u00e1lne alebo bisexu\u00e1lne orientovan\u00fdm m\u00f4\u017eu tie\u017e prispie\u0165 k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee mlad\u00fd \u010dlovek v\u00a0sebe udr\u017eiava n\u00edzke sebahodnotenie.<\/p>\n Otis, Ryan a\u00a0Chouinard (1997) v\u00a0predbe\u017enom v\u00fdskume 93 mlad\u00fdch gejov, lesieb a\u00a0bisexu\u00e1lov v\u00a0Qu\u00e9becu uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa, \u017ee 33% ich respondentov m\u00e1 na seba negat\u00edvny n\u00e1zor, alebo si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee nem\u00e1 tak\u00fa hodnotu ako in\u00e9 osoby. Pocit odmietnutia a\u00a0izolovanosti, ako aj depres\u00edvne pocity charakterizuj\u00fa 50% respondentov tejto \u0161t\u00fadie, z\u00a0ktorej v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu tvorili mu\u017ei (Otis, Ryan a\u00a0Chouinard, 1997). A\u00a0ke\u010f\u017ee n\u00edzke sebahodnotenie a\u00a0depresia predstavuj\u00fa faktory predisponuj\u00face k\u00a0samovra\u017ede, je nevyhnutn\u00e9 e\u0161te raz kon\u0161tatova\u0165 pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 potenci\u00e1lne zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9ho rizika samovra\u017edy alebo pokusov o\u00a0samovra\u017edu u\u00a0mlad\u00fdch homosexu\u00e1lne alebo bisexu\u00e1lne orientovan\u00fdch mu\u017eov.<\/p>\n Mlad\u00ed homosexu\u00e1lne \u010di bisexu\u00e1lne orientovan\u00ed mu\u017ei teda predstavuj\u00fa viac ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed mlad\u00ed \u013eudia podskupinu jednotlivcov, ktor\u00fdch zranite\u013enos\u0165 je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 na z\u00e1klade jednoduchej skuto\u010dnosti, \u017ee patria k\u00a0trom kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1m os\u00f4b s\u00a0vysok\u00fdm rizikom suic\u00eddia: s\u00fa mlad\u00ed, s\u00fa mu\u017emi a\u00a0s\u00fa osobami s\u00a0pr\u00ed\u0165a\u017elivos\u0165ou k\u00a0partnerom rovnak\u00e9ho pohlavia. Nech je presn\u00fd pomer samovr\u00e1\u017ed u\u00a0mlad\u00fdch homosexu\u00e1lov\/bisexu\u00e1lov ak\u00fdko\u013evek, ost\u00e1va mnoho pr\u00e1ce, ktor\u00fa treba vykona\u0165, aby sme pochopili podmienky a\u00a0procesy ved\u00face t\u00fdchto mlad\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee uva\u017euj\u00fa o\u00a0samovra\u017ede, alebo \u017ee si siahaj\u00fa na \u017eivot. V\u00fdskumov na t\u00fato t\u00e9mu je toti\u017e v\u00a0Kanade a\u00a0obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v\u00a0Qu\u00e9becu ve\u013emi m\u00e1lo.<\/p>\n O existencii skuto\u010dnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sme pr\u00e1ve op\u00edsali, sa \u010dasto v\u00f4bec nevie (ak v\u00f4bec nie je na soci\u00e1lnej, profesion\u00e1lnej ako aj vedeckej \u00farovni jednoducho popieran\u00e1). V\u00a0r\u00e1mci celej Kanady je ve\u013emi m\u00e1lo \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 hovoria menovite o\u00a0tomto fenom\u00e9ne (Otis, Ryan a\u00a0Chouinard, 1997). Tento probl\u00e9m je dokonca ve\u013emi \u010dasto odmietnut\u00fd. V\u00a0kolekt\u00edvnom diele Adolescenti ohrozen\u00ed samovra\u017edou<\/em> (Adolescents en danger de suicide<\/em>, vydan\u00e9 v\u00a0Qu\u00e9becu v\u00a0\u010dasopise Prisme<\/em> v\u00a0roku 1995) nie je \u017eiadna zmienka o\u00a0homosexu\u00e1lnej alebo bisexu\u00e1lnej orient\u00e1cii ako mo\u017enom mot\u00edve samovra\u017edy v\u00a0obdob\u00ed adolescencie.<\/p>\n Pokia\u013e ide o\u00a0ned\u00e1vnu Qu\u00e9beck\u00fa ak\u010dn\u00fa strat\u00e9giu proti suic\u00eddiu<\/em> (Strat\u00e9gie qu\u00e9becoise d<\/em>\u2019<\/em>action face au suicide<\/em>), zmie\u0148uje sa o\u00a0danom probl\u00e9me a\u017e v\u00a0dodatku a\u00a0to bez toho, aby sa \u0161peci\u00e1lne zamerala na predmetn\u00fa skupinu (Ministerstvo zdravotn\u00edctva a\u00a0soci\u00e1lnych slu\u017eieb Qu\u00e9becu, 1998). V\u00a0Kanade sa jedine \u0160tudijn\u00e1 skupina o\u00a0samovra\u017ede<\/em> (Groupe d<\/em>\u2019<\/em>\u00e9tude sur le suicide<\/em>) postavila priamo k\u00a0tejto ot\u00e1zke; bibliografick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza Zdravia Kanady<\/em> (Sant\u00e9 Canada<\/em>) preber\u00e1 v\u00a0publik\u00e1cii Sk\u00fasenosti mlad\u00fdch gejov v\u00a0\u010dase AIDS<\/em> (Les exp\u00e9riences des jeunes gais \u00e0 l<\/em>\u2019<\/em>\u00e8re du sida<\/em>, 1996) rovnak\u00e9 vyjadrenia a\u00a0prizn\u00e1va, \u017ee autode\u0161truk\u010dn\u00e9 akty sa t\u00fdkaj\u00fa vo zv\u00fd\u0161enej miere tejto skupiny.<\/p>\n \u010co teda vlastne treba robi\u0165? Predov\u0161etk\u00fdm je treba \u00fato\u010di\u0165 na \u013eahostajnos\u0165, popieranie a\u00a0znevidite\u013e\u0148ovanie, ktor\u00e9 preva\u017euj\u00fa vo vz\u0165ahu k homosexu\u00e1lnemu alebo bisexu\u00e1lnemu pre\u017e\u00edvaniu a sk\u00fasenosti\u00a0mlad\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed. Ur\u010dite im nepom\u00f4\u017eeme, ak ich budeme obch\u00e1dza\u0165 a popiera\u0165 ich probl\u00e9my. Niekedy sa s\u00e1m seba p\u00fdtam, \u010di sme rad\u0161ej, ke\u010f s\u00fa m\u0155tvi, ako keby sme mali pre nich nie\u010do urobi\u0165\u2026<\/p>\n Je teda d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, aby sme v na\u0161ich v\u00fdchovn\u00fdch, prevent\u00edvnych a\u00a0terapeutick\u00fdch z\u00e1sahoch vo vz\u0165ahu k\u00a0mlad\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom (aj vo vz\u0165ahu k\u00a0star\u0161\u00edm) menej vylu\u010dovali. Otvori\u0165 sa vo\u010di diverzite sexu\u00e1lnych orient\u00e1ci\u00ed neznamen\u00e1 roz\u0161irova\u0165 homosexualitu \u2013 ako sa niektor\u00ed ob\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u2013, ale jednoducho pripusti\u0165 realitu. Tie\u017e je potrebn\u00e9 by\u0165 si vedom\u00fd skuto\u010dnosti, \u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina mlad\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed z\u00e1pasia s\u00a0\u0165a\u017ekos\u0165ami spojen\u00fdmi s\u00a0ich homosexu\u00e1lnou alebo bisexu\u00e1lnou orient\u00e1ciou, sa na odborn\u00edkov alebo vychov\u00e1vate\u013eov neobr\u00e1ti otvorene z\u00a0t\u00fdchto d\u00f4vodov. Je jednoduch\u00e9, hocako kontraprodukt\u00edvne, zastavova\u0165 sa len pri sympt\u00f3moch bez toho, aby sme sa probl\u00e9mami zaoberali do h\u013abky. V\u00a0tejto s\u00favislosti to znamen\u00e1 zaobera\u0165 sa miestom, ak\u00e9 poskytujeme \u013e\u00fabostnej diverzite a re\u0161pektu vo\u010di ka\u017edej osobe, zaobera\u0165 sa\u00a0sp\u00f4sobom, ak\u00fdm bojujeme proti netolerantnosti a\u00a0homof\u00f3bii, obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v \u0161kolskom, \u0161portovom prostred\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00a0in\u00fdch prostrediach, kde mlad\u00ed \u013eudia vyrastaj\u00fa.<\/p>\n U\u017e pred nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi rokmi sa za\u010dali rozv\u00edja\u0165 profesion\u00e1lne a svojpomocn\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary pre mlad\u00fdch marginalizovan\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed, \u010di pre mlad\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed, klad\u00facich si ot\u00e1zky o\u00a0svojej sexu\u00e1lnej orient\u00e1cii. Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 nielen odkazova\u0165 na tieto \u0161trukt\u00fary t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed ich potrebuj\u00fa, ale profesion\u00e1lne, finan\u010dne a\u00a0in\u0161titucion\u00e1lne tieto iniciat\u00edvy podpori\u0165. Najpozit\u00edvnej\u0161ou str\u00e1nkou t\u00fdchto \u0161pecializovan\u00fdch iniciat\u00edv je to, \u017ee osobe boriacej sa s\u00a0probl\u00e9mami oh\u013eadne svojej sexu\u00e1lnej orient\u00e1cie umo\u017enia stretn\u00fa\u0165 (napr\u00edklad po\u010das diskusn\u00fdch stretnut\u00ed) mlad\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa, alebo pre\u017e\u00edvali podobn\u00e9 sk\u00fasenosti. Socializova\u0165 sa a\u00a0tie\u017e solidarizova\u0165 s\u00a0in\u00fdmi \u2013 toto s\u00fa oporn\u00e9 sk\u00fasenosti pre mlad\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed, marginalizovan\u00fdch kv\u00f4li ich homosexualite.<\/p>\n Je tie\u017e nevyhnutn\u00e9 rozv\u00edja\u0165 v\u00fdskum vz\u0165ahu mlad\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed, pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00facich homosexualitu, k\u00a0samovra\u017ede. Aj ke\u010f v\u00fdskum v\u00a0oblasti homosexuality u\u017e nie je tak\u00fdm tabu, ost\u00e1va takmer v\u00fdlu\u010dne spojen\u00fd s\u00a0AIDS. Toto je jednozna\u010dne neposta\u010duj\u00face. Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 \u010d\u00edm prv roz\u0161\u00edri\u0165 v\u00fdskumn\u00e9 a\u00a0vedomostn\u00e9 pole t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa homosexuality, lesbizmu alebo bisexuality. Vieme ve\u013emi m\u00e1lo o \u017eivotnej sk\u00fasenosti mlad\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00facich homosexualitu a\u00a0o rizikov\u00fdch faktoroch, obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v\u00a0oblasti suic\u00eddia.<\/p>\n V\u010faka tichu, prevl\u00e1daj\u00facemu vo vz\u0165ahu k\u00a0t\u00fdmto z\u00e1le\u017eitostiam v oblasti\u00a0odborn\u00e9ho vzdel\u00e1vania, nem\u00e1me o gejskej a\u00a0lesbickej komunite mnoho znalost\u00ed; tento sklz bude potrebn\u00e9 vyrovna\u0165. Pred nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi rokmi spustilo qu\u00e9beck\u00e9 Ministerstvo zdravotn\u00edctva a\u00a0soci\u00e1lnych slu\u017eieb prostredn\u00edctvom Qu\u00e9beck\u00e9ho koordina\u010dn\u00e9ho centra AIDS v\u00a0tomto smere nov\u00e1torsk\u00e9 projekty. Treba si \u017eela\u0165, aby mali tieto iniciat\u00edvy svoje pokra\u010dovanie a\u00a0aby boli nasledovan\u00e9 v\u0161ade, kde sa to \u017eiada; ml\u010danie univerzitn\u00e9ho milieu oh\u013eadne re\u00e1li\u00ed homosexuality m\u00e1 \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky v\u00a0oblasti kompetenci\u00ed a\u00a0zru\u010dnost\u00ed pom\u00e1haj\u00facich.<\/p>\n Ako soci\u00e1lni akt\u00e9ri m\u00e1me poslanie zlep\u0161ova\u0165 osobn\u00e9 a\u00a0kolekt\u00edvne podmienky os\u00f4b, ktor\u00e9 si \u017eiadaj\u00fa na\u0161u pomoc. Preto st\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 \u013eahostajnos\u0165, popieranie a\u00a0nevidite\u013enos\u0165 homosexuality u\u017e nemaj\u00fa medzi nami, ani v\u00a0kruhu in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed kde pracujeme, svoje miesto.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Pozn\u00e1mka:<\/p>\n *<\/sup><\/strong>Tento pomer v\u00fdznamne kore\u0161ponduje s\u00a0pomerom z\u00a0v\u00fdskumov, v\u00a0ktor\u00fdch boli zachovan\u00e9 anonymnos\u0165 a\u00a0d\u00f4vernos\u0165. Ke\u010f anonymnos\u0165 a\u00a0d\u00f4vernos\u0165 nie s\u00fa re\u0161pektovan\u00e9, je percento os\u00f4b, ktor\u00e9 sa prizn\u00e1vaj\u00fa k\u00a0homosexu\u00e1lnym alebo bisexu\u00e1lnym vz\u0165ahom cite\u013ene men\u0161ie (pozri Kinsey, 1948; Janus a\u00a0Janus, 1993; Laumann a\u00a0ostatn\u00ed, 1994).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Literat\u00fara:<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n AVICOLI T.<\/strong> (1986): \u201eComing Out Of the Dark Ages \u2013 Social Workers Told of Special Youth Needs\u201c, In: Philadelphia Gay News<\/em>, m\u00e1j.<\/p>\n BAGLEY C. a\u00a0TREMBLAY P.<\/strong> (1997): \u201eSuicidal Behaviours in Homosexual and Bisexual Males\u201c, In: Crisis<\/em>, vol. 18, \u010d. 1.<\/p>\n BELL A. a\u00a0WEINBERG M. (1978): Homosexualities: A\u00a0Study od Diversity Among Men and Women<\/em>, New York, Simon&Schuster.<\/p>\n DORAIS M. a\u00a0BERTHIAUME P.<\/strong> (1998): Le v\u00e9cu homosexuel: les r\u00e9sultats d<\/em>\u2019<\/em>un sondage aupr\u00e8s de 125 lecteurs du magazine RG<\/em>.<\/p>\n GIBSON P.<\/strong> (1994): \u201eGay Male and Lesbian Youth Suicide\u201c, In: REMAFEDI G., Death by Denial<\/em>, Boston, Alyson, s. 15-16.<\/p>\n HARRY J.<\/strong> (1994): \u201eParasuicide, Gender, and Gender Deviance\u201c, In: REMAFEDI G., Death by Denial<\/em>, Boston, Alyson, s. 69-73.<\/p>\n JANUS S.S. a\u00a0JANUS C.L.<\/strong> (1993): The Janus Report on Sexual Behaviour<\/em>, New York, John Wilwey&Son.<\/p>\n JAY K. a\u00a0YOUNG A.<\/strong> (1977): The Gay Report: Lesbians and Gay Men Speak Out about Their Sexual Experiences and Lifestyles<\/em>, New York, Summit.<\/p>\n KINSEY A.C.<\/strong> (1948): Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male<\/em>, Philadelphia, W.B. Saunder Company.<\/p>\n KOURANY R. (1994): \u201eSuicide Among Homosexual Adolescents\u201c, In: REMAFEDI G. (editor), Death by Denial<\/em>, Boston, Alyson.<\/p>\n LAUMANN E.O. a ostatn\u00ed (1994): The Sexual Organisation of Sexuality \u2013 Sexual practics in the United States<\/em>, Chicago, Chicago University Press.<\/p>\n LARKING STREET YOUTH CENTER (1982): Client Statistics<\/em>, San Francisco.<\/p>\n LOS ANGELES SUICIDE PREVENTION CENTER (1986): Problems of Suicide among Lesbian and Gay Adolescent<\/em>, Los Angeles.<\/p>\n MUEHRER P. (1995): \u201eSuicide and Sexual Orientation: A\u00a0Critical Summary of Recent Research and Directions for Future Research\u201c, In: Suicide and Life Theatening Behaviour<\/em>, vol. 25 (dodatok).<\/p>\n OTIS J., RYAN B. a\u00a0CHOUINARD N. (1997): \u201ePr\u00e9vention du VIH: Impact du \u00abProjet 10\u00bb sur le mieux-\u00eatre sexuel de jeunes gais et bisexuels. Profil des jeunes \u00e0 leur entr\u00e9e au groupe de support du \u00abProjet 10\u00bb\u201c, Rapport pr\u00e9liminaire non pulbi\u00e9<\/em>, janu\u00e1r, Montreal, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec v\u00a0Montreale (katedra sexuol\u00f3gie).<\/p>\n REMAFEDI G. (1985): Male Homosexuality: the Adolescent<\/em>\u2019<\/em>s Perspective<\/em>, Adolescent Health Program, University of Minnesota.<\/p>\n REMAFEDI G. a\u00a0ostatn\u00ed (1994): \u201eRisk Factors for Attempted Suicide in Gay and Bisexual Youth\u201c, In: REMAFEDI G. (editor), Death by Denial<\/em>, Boston, Alyson.<\/p>\n REMAFEDI G. a\u00a0ostatn\u00ed (1998): \u201eThe Relationship between Suicide Risk and Sexual Orientation: Results of a\u00a0Population-Based Study\u201c, In: American Journal of Public Health<\/em>, janu\u00e1r, vol. 88, \u010d. 1.<\/p>\n ROESLER T. a\u00a0DEISHER R.<\/strong> (1972): \u201eYouthful Man Homosexuality\u201c, In: Journal of The American Medical Association<\/em>, febru\u00e1r, s. 1018-1023.<\/p>\n ROFES E.<\/strong> (1983): I\u00a0thought People Like that Killed Themselves: Lesbians, Gay Men and Suicide<\/em>, San Francisco, Grey Fox.<\/p>\n SHAFFER D. a\u00a0ostatn\u00ed (1995): \u201eSexual Orientation in Adolescents Who Commit Suicide\u201c, In: Suicide and Life Theatening Behaviour<\/em>, vol. 25 (dodatok).<\/p>\n TREMBLAY P.J.<\/strong> (1995): The Homosexuality Factor in the Youth Suicide Problem<\/em>, Sixth Annual Conference of the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention, Banff (Alberta), 22. okt\u00f3ber, s. 2-3.<\/p>\n WORKSHOP ON SUICIDE AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION (1995): \u201eRecommandations for a\u00a0Research Agenda in Suicide and Sexual Orientation\u201c, In: Suicide and Life Theatening Behaviour<\/em>, vol. 25 (dodatok).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Z\u00a0franc\u00faz\u0161tiny prelo\u017eil Andrej Z\u00e1thureck\u00fd<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Dorais, Michel: Pr\u00e9f\u00e8re-t-on encore les voir morts? Le suicide chez les jeunes qui vivent l<\/em>\u2019<\/em>homosexualit\u00e9<\/em>, In: Nouvelles approches des hommes et du masculin<\/em>, Presses Universitaires du Mirail, ed\u00edcia F\u00e9minin&Masculin (vydan\u00e9 pod veden\u00edm Daniela Welzera-Langa), Toulouse 2000, s. 163-169.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Michel Dorais Samovra\u017eda u\u00a0mlad\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa homosexualitu Hoci v\u00fdskumy o\u00a0mo\u017en\u00fdch s\u00favislostiach medzi nedostato\u010dne integrovanou homosexu\u00e1lnou alebo bisexu\u00e1lnou orient\u00e1ciou a\u00a0samovra\u017eedn\u00fdm spr\u00e1van\u00edm s\u00fa st\u00e1le obmedzen\u00e9, \u00fadaje, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa k\u00a0dispoz\u00edcii, aj tak pri\u0165ahuj\u00fa pozornos\u0165 a\u00a0zav\u0161e vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00fa roztr\u017eky oh\u013eadne rozsahu tejto skuto\u010dnosti (Muehrer, 1995). Jestvuje prinajmen\u0161om konsenzus o\u00a0potrebe lep\u0161ie pochopi\u0165 faktory, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu vysvetli\u0165 vz\u0165ah medzi homosexu\u00e1lnou alebo […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":52,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":[],"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[22],"class_list":["post-51","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cislo6","tag-samovrazdy"],"yoast_head":"\n